Chapter 3

How we measure development

What you need to learn


How we describe and measure economic and social development

Economic Descriptors

formal economy

informal economy

Social Measures

fertility rate

infant mortality rate

access to healthcare

literacy rate

Economic Measures

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Gross National Product (DNP)

Gross National Income (GNI)

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Human Development Index (HDI)

Role of Energy

fossil fuels

renewable resources

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